Glossary

**Yarn**: A resource management layer in the Hadoop ecosystem that manages and schedules computing resources in a cluster, often used for running large-scale distributed data processing tasks.

**Y-axis**: The vertical axis in a two-dimensional graph, often representing the dependent variable in a plot or chart, commonly used in data visualization to depict changes or trends in data.

**Yolo (You Only Look Once)**: A real-time object detection system that divides images into a grid and predicts bounding boxes and class probabilities directly from the full images, known for its speed and accuracy.

**Yield Curve**: A graph that plots the interest rates of bonds with different maturity dates, often used in financial analysis to assess market conditions and predict economic changes.

**Yottabyte**: A unit of digital information storage equal to one septillion (10^24) bytes, often used to describe extremely large data storage capacities in data centers and cloud computing.

**Yahoo! Finance**: A popular online platform that provides financial news, data, and analytics, often used by data scientists and analysts to gather financial data for machine learning models in finance.

**Yield Optimization**: The process of improving the production efficiency or output of a system, often used in manufacturing, agriculture, and financial trading, with machine learning models optimizing for maximum yield.

**Year-over-Year (YoY)**: A method of comparing data points from one year to the same point in the previous year, often used in financial analysis to assess growth or performance trends.

**Yellowbrick**: A Python library for visualizing the performance of machine learning models, providing tools for diagnostic visualization that help understand model behavior and improve model performance.

**Yelp Dataset**: A publicly available dataset containing user reviews, business information, and other data from the Yelp platform, often used in natural language processing and recommendation system research.

**Yield Strength**: A material property that describes the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically, often predicted using machine learning models in materials science and engineering.

**Yelp Challenge**: An annual data science competition hosted by Yelp that challenges participants to develop machine learning models using the Yelp dataset to solve various problems related to business and customer insights.

**Yule-Simon Distribution**: A probability distribution often used in the modeling of phenomena with heavy-tailed distributions, such as word frequencies in natural language processing and wealth distributions in economics.

**Yield Prediction**: The use of machine learning models to forecast the yield of crops, financial investments, or manufacturing processes, often leveraging historical data and environmental factors.

**Y-integration**: A process in time series analysis where the time series is differenced until it becomes stationary, with the order of integration denoted as "Y", commonly used in ARIMA models.

**Year-to-Date (YTD)**: A financial term that refers to the period starting from the beginning of the current year to the present date, often used to compare performance metrics in finance and business analytics.

**Yandex**: A Russian multinational corporation specializing in Internet-related products and services, including a search engine, artificial intelligence, and machine learning technologies.

**Yelp Sentiment Analysis**: The application of natural language processing and machine learning techniques to analyze user reviews on Yelp, extracting sentiment and opinions about businesses or services.

**Y-axis Labeling**: The process of adding descriptive labels to the Y-axis in a graph or chart, providing context and meaning to the data being visualized, crucial for accurate data interpretation.

**Y-bias**: A term sometimes used to describe bias along the Y-axis in a graph, or more generally, bias in the outcome variable in a machine learning model, which can affect the accuracy and fairness of predictions.

**Y-intercept**: The point where a line crosses the Y-axis in a linear equation, representing the value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is zero, often used in linear regression analysis.

**Yarn ResourceManager**: A core component of the Yarn architecture that manages resources and schedules applications running in a Hadoop cluster, ensuring efficient utilization of computing resources.